Voltage and current sources, Controlled sources, Two port networks:, ladder networks, Feedback Concepts: Feedback topologies, Positive and Negative feedback, Sensitivity factor, Basic amplifiers and their two port representation, Effect of Negative feedback on basic amplifiers, Instability in amplifiers, Barkhousen condition for Oscillations, Nyquist stability criterion, Operational Amplifiers, Non-idealities of opamps and their effects: Finite gain, finite bandwidth, Offset voltages and currents, Common-mode rejection ratio, Power supply rejection ratio, Slew rate, Filters : Second order filter transfer function (low pass, high pass, band pass and band reject) , Butterworth response, Emulation of inductor using Transconductors,, Sallen-Key biquadratic filters, Tow-Thomas biquad, Realization of higher order filters, All-pass filter (active phase shifters), Comparator, Schmitt trigger (inverting & non inverting), astable multivibrator, Triangular wave generator, Precision rectifiers, Voltage Controlled Oscillators, Phase Locked Loops