The Fundamentals of Terrestrial Navigation - The Shape of the Earth, Maps and Coordinate Systems/Datum. Distances and Directions on the Surface of the Earth; Error Calculations - Lines of Positions, The Geometrical Influence on Two-Dimensional Position Errors, Accuracies. Two-Dimensional Position Determination by Means of more than two LOPs; Wave Propagation - Free Space Propagation, Reflection from Surroundings, The Ground Wave, Tropospheric Influence, Ionospheric Influence, Hyperbolic Systems –Introduction, General Phase Measurements, OMEGA, DECCA, LORAN-C; Direction Finding –Introduction, Frequencies and Transmitters, Satellite Systems; Satellite Orbits and Geometry –Introduction, Kepler 's Laws, Distortion of the Orbits, Coordinate Systems; Satellite Navigation Principles - Frequency Measurements, Time Measurements, Measurement principles; Error calculations, The Geometrical Influence on the Accuracy, Navigation Principles: The use of two carrier frequencies, Spread Spectrum in NAVSTAR/GPS; Differential GPS, Interferometric use, GLONASS -Introduction. Other Satellite Navigation Systems – NAVIC, GEOSTAR/LOCSTAR, NAVSAT.