Amplitude Modulation, Time & Frequency domain description, Modulation techniques, Switching modulator, Demodulation techniques, Envelope detector, Coherent detection, Costas Receiver, The Superheterodyne Receiver, Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing, Single side band and vestigial sideband modulation, Frequency Translation, Frequency Division Multiplexing. Angle Modulation, Basic definitions, Frequency Modulation, Narrow Band FM, Wide Band FM, Transmission bandwidth of FM Signals, Generation of FM Signals, Demodulation of FM Signals, FM Stereo Multiplexing, Phase–Locked Loops and their application in FM demodulation. Theme example: FM stereo broadcast. Noise in Analog Modulation, Introduction, Receiver Model, Noise in DSB-SC receivers, Noise in AM receivers, Threshold effect, Noise in FM receivers, Capture effect, FM threshold effect, FM threshold reduction, Pre-emphasis and Deemphasis in FM. Digital Representation of analog signals, The Sampling process, Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Time Division Multiplexing, Pulse-Position Modulation, Generation of PPM Waves, Detection of PPM Waves, Quantization Process, Quantization Noise, Pulse Code Modulation: Sampling, Quantization, Encoding, Regeneration, Decoding, Filtering, Multiplexing, Application to Vocoders.