Introduction to operational amplifiers: The difference amplifier and the ideal operational amplifier models, concept of negative feedback and virtual short, Analysis of simple operational amplifier circuits, Frequency response of amplifiers, Bode plots. Feedback: Feedback topologies and analysis for discrete transistor amplifiers, stabillity of feedback circuits using Barkhausen criteria. Linear applications of operational amplifiers: Instrumentation and Isolation amplifiers, Current and voltage sources, Non-linear applications of operational amplifiers: Comparators, clippers and clampers, Precision rectifiers, Waveform Generation: Sinusoidal feedback oscillators, Relaxation oscillators, square-triangle oscillators. Practical perational amplifiers: Non-idealities and their on circuit performance. Analog and Digital interface circuits: Relays, S/H circuits, Opto-couplers, A/D, D/A Converters.